| - |
A. Tense and aspect markers |
| f_01_past_tense |
Past tense |
| f_02_perfect_aspect |
Perfect aspect |
| f_03_present_tense |
Present tense |
| - |
B. Place and time adverbials |
| f_04_place_adverbials |
Place adverbials (e.g., above, beside, outdoors) |
| f_05_time_adverbials |
Time adverbials (e.g., early, instantly, soon) |
| - |
C. Pronouns and pro-verbs |
| f_06_first_person_pronouns |
First-person pronouns |
| f_07_second_person_pronouns |
Second-person pronouns |
| f_08_third_person_pronouns |
Third-person personal pronouns (excluding it) |
| f_09_pronoun_it |
Pronoun it |
| f_10_demonstrative_pronoun |
Demonstrative pronouns (that, this, these, those as pronouns) |
| f_11_indefinite_pronoun |
Indefinite pronounes (e.g., anybody, nothing, someone) |
| f_12_proverb_do |
Pro-verb do |
| - |
D. Questions |
| f_13_wh_question |
Direct wh-questions |
| - |
E. Nominal forms |
| f_14_nominalization |
Nominalizations (ending in -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity) |
| f_15_gerunds |
Gerunds (participial forms functioning as nouns) |
| f_16_other_nouns |
Total other nouns |
| - |
F. Passives |
| f_17_agentless_passives |
Agentless passives |
| f_18_by_passives |
by-passives |
| - |
G. Stative forms |
| f_19_be_main_verb |
be as main verb |
| f_20_existential_there |
Existential there |
| - |
H. Subordination features |
| f_21_that_verb_comp |
that verb complements (e.g., I said [that he went].) |
| f_22_that_adj_comp |
that adjective complements (e.g., I’m glad [that you like it].) |
| f_23_wh_clause |
wh-clauses (e.g., I believed [what he told me].) |
| f_24_infinitives |
Infinitives |
| f_25_present_participle |
Present participial adverbial clauses (e.g., [Stuffing his mouth with cookies], Joe ran out the door.) |
| f_26_past_participle |
Past participial adverbial clauses (e.g., [Built in a single week], the house would stand for fifty years.) |
| f_27_past_participle_whiz |
Past participial postnominal (reduced relative) clauses (e.g., the solution [produced by this process]) |
| f_28_present_participle_whiz |
Present participial postnominal (reduced relative) clauses (e.g., the event [causing this decline[) |
| f_29_that_subj |
that relative clauses on subject position (e.g., the dog [that bit me]) |
| f_30_that_obj |
that relative clauses on object position (e.g., the dog [that I saw]) |
| f_31_wh_subj |
wh- relatives on subject position (e.g., the man [who likes popcorn]) |
| f_32_wh_obj |
wh- relatives on object position (e.g., the man [who Sally likes]) |
| f_33_pied_piping |
Pied-piping relative clauses (e.g., the manner [in which he was told]) |
| f_34_sentence_relatives |
Sentence relatives (e.g., Bob likes fried mangoes, [which is the most disgusting thing I’ve ever heard of].) |
| f_35_because |
Causative adverbial subordinator (because) |
| f_36_though |
Concessive adverbial subordinators (although, though) |
| f_37_if |
Conditional adverbial subordinators (if, unless) |
| f_38_other_adv_sub |
Other adverbial subordinators (e.g., since, while, whereas) |
| - |
I. Prepositional phrases, adjectives and adverbs |
| f_39_prepositions |
Total prepositional phrases |
| f_40_adj_attr |
Attributive adjectives (e.g., the [big] horse) |
| f_41_adj_pred |
Predicative adjectives (e.g., The horse is [big].) |
| f_42_adverbs |
Total adverbs |
| - |
J. Lexical specificity |
| f_43_type_token |
Type-token ratio (including punctuation) |
| f_44_mean_word_length |
Average word length (across tokens, excluding punctuation) |
| - |
K. Lexical classes |
| f_45_conjuncts |
Conjuncts (e.g., consequently, furthermore, however) |
| f_46_downtoners |
Downtoners (e.g., barely, nearly, slightly) |
| f_47_hedges |
Hedges (e.g., at about, something like, almost) |
| f_48_amplifiers |
Amplifiers (e.g., absolutely, extremely, perfectly) |
| f_49_emphatics |
Emphatics (e.g., a lot, for sure, really) |
| f_50_discourse_particles |
Discourse particles (e.g., sentence-initial well, now, anyway) |
| f_51_demonstratives |
Demonstratives |
| - |
L. Modals |
| f_52_modal_possibility |
Possibility modals (can, may, might, could) |
| f_53_modal_necessity |
Necessity modals (ought, should, must) |
| f_54_modal_predictive |
Predictive modals (will, would, shall) |
| - |
M. Specialized verb classes |
| f_55_verb_public |
Public verbs (e.g., assert, declare, mention) |
| f_56_verb_private |
Private verbs (e.g., assume, believe, doubt, know) |
| f_57_verb_suasive |
Suasive verbs (e.g., command, insist, propose) |
| f_58_verb_seem |
seem and appear |
| - |
N. Reduced forms and dispreferred structures |
| f_59_contractions |
Contractions |
| f_60_that_deletion |
Subordinator that deletion (e.g., I think [he went].) |
| f_61_stranded_preposition |
Stranded prepositions (e.g., the candidate that I was thinking [of]) |
| f_62_split_infinitve |
Split infinitives (e.g., He wants [to convincingly prove] that …) |
| f_63_split_auxiliary |
Split auxiliaries (e.g., They [were apparently shown] to …) |
| - |
O. Co-ordination |
| f_64_phrasal_coordination |
Phrasal co-ordination (N and N; Adj and Adj; V and V; Adv and Adv) |
| f_65_clausal_coordination |
Independent clause co-ordination (clause-initial and) |
| - |
P. Negation |
| f_66_neg_synthetic |
Synthetic negation (e.g., No answer is good enough for Jones.) |
| f_67_neg_analytic |
Analytic negation (e.g., That isn’t good enough.) |